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Politics · Technology · Digital regulation  ·  where data speaks before headlines
Snapshot data
AML/OFAC enforcement against banks and fintech — 418 penalties documented 418 AML/OFAC penalties documented across 177 countries and 379 regula… Corporate bankruptcy and insolvency (Chapter 11) — 4 major corporate bankrup… Corporate bankruptcies hit decade highs: over 717 in the year per S&P… High-impact litigation risk index — 4 high-impact litigations… The risk index (0-100) aggregates five objective factors —procedural … Merger control: multi-jurisdiction competition … — 9 decisions and jurisdict… Merger control diverges by jurisdiction in 2026: the Trump administra… PEPs and sanctions networks · Ibero-American graph — 40 PEP/company nodes with … Ibero-American PEP→company→sanction graph (core: Mapa del Poder, 424 … Sovereign debt distress and restructurings — 5 distress/restructuring … The IMF's 6th Global Sovereign Debt Roundtable report (April 15, 2026… Forced labor in supply chains: entity lists — 4 forced-labor exposure i… Upstream exposure intelligence densifies: the UFLPA Entity List reach… EU AI Act — designation of national authorities — 3/10/14 / 27 Member States Tracker's first event: 3 states with both authorities / 10 partial / … AI Act · Notified bodies for conformity assessment — 1 body with AI-specific a… Ecosystem 'not ready' as of Mar-2026 (standards unpublished, insuffic… Scandal → conviction gap — — milestones logged +1 mirror case: Uribe — 7 years to convict, 8 weeks to reverse, open-… Technology ↔ regulation gap — 26 regulatory milestones +1: Peru closes the generative-AI gap in ~3 years (DS 115-2025-PCM), … CNMC Spain · the Digital Services Coordinator g… — 6 documented milestones The gap becomes chronic: Congress struck down the CNMC's legal empowe… Corporate data breaches: from incident to response — 11 breaches documented +1: Canvas/Instructure, the largest known education breach (≈275M rec… Migration friction in corporate and event mobility — 3 incidents and policies … The 2026 World Cup works as a live stress test: 39 countries under fu… Power and corruption in the courts in Ibero-Ame… — 29 documented cases Jun-2026 review: Uribe updated — first-instance conviction overturned… Crypto · Licenses and authorizations by jurisdi… — 40+ CASPs with full MiCA au… July 1, 2026 cliff: the transitional regime expires (ESMA, Apr 17) wi… Data breaches · Class-action settlements — 5 settlements and mass ca… 271 million dollars across four settlements approved or with deadline… Digital regulatory risk index by country — 16 countries profiled Jun-2026 review: Brazil updated on two layers (EU adequacy Jan 26, 20… Digital services taxes (DST) by country — 3 tax-map milestones docu… About half of European OECD countries have a DST announced, proposed … Global election risk 2026: democracy and digita… — 32 elections profiled 32 electoral processes of 2026 profiled by political regime and digit… ESG · Greenwashing enforcement — 3 enforcement milestones … The legal floor arrives Sep 27, 2026 (ECGT across the 27; transpositi… EU · Digital & sustainability regulatory deadli… — 6 calendar milestones doc… Next critical deadlines: Jun 23, 2026 closes the high-risk classifica… Export controls · Entity List and advanced chips — 6 regime milestones docum… The 2026 shift: licensing for H200/MI325X and equivalents to China mo… GDPR · International transfers and adequacy dec… — 6 framework milestones do… The EU-US DPF remains in force after surviving its first judicial cha… LATAM · AI bills in legislative process — 150+ bills identified 150+ count re-verified; milestones: Peru only country with a regulate… LATAM · Judicial and regulatory sanctions on pl… — $5,2M USD · fine on X Corp. i… Paradigm shift: the STF declared Art. 19 of the Marco Civil partially… Digital political ad spending 2026 — 6 country-platform observ… AdImpact's revised projection (Jun 11): $11.6bn for the 2026 cycle — … Shadow fleet · Sanctioned vessels and enablers — 632 vessels designated by t… +46 vessels in the 20th package (Reg. 2026/506/509/511) to 632; Art. … Whistleblower awards · SEC, CFTC and equivalent… — 3 program milestones docu… The SEC awarded over $60M to 48 whistleblowers in fiscal year 2025 (2… AI Act · Sanctions regime and its actual enforc… — 0 documented AI Act fines… 0 AI Act penalties issued to date: enforcement of high-risk obligatio… Beneficial ownership transparency (UBO / CTA / … — 4 transparency milestones 4 beneficial-ownership transparency milestones documented; the EU req… Crypto industry: collapses, sanctions and convi… — 13 documented cases 13 cases of collapses, sanctions and convictions in the crypto sector… AI harms in court — litigation, rulings and set… — 103 documented cases 103 AI-related harm and rights lawsuits documented; 2026 milestones: … DMA · designated gatekeepers and real compliance — 9 documented DMA acts 9 DMA compliance actions documented against gatekeepers; 2026 develop… Documented electoral disinformation 2026 — 7 documented campaigns 7 electoral disinformation campaigns or patterns documented with open… GDPR · which national authority really sanctions — 11 authorities profiled 11 GDPR enforcement country profiles and milestones documented; 2026 … LATAM · Internet shutdowns and platform blocks — 8 documented events · 202… 8 internet shutdown and blocking episodes documented in Latin America… Operational resilience & cyber (DORA / NIS2 / SEC) — 4 regulatory milestones 4 operational-resilience milestones documented; 2026 is the first rea… Digital fines actually imposed — 61 sanctions recorded 61 high-value penalties across 18 jurisdictions and 6 continents; cov… Commercial spyware: documented cases worldwide — 23 documented cases 23 spyware and surveillance cases documented across the Ibero-America… Trade compliance & forced labor (UFLPA) — 4 actions documented 4 trade-compliance actions on forced labor documented; under UFLPA ar… US · the state AI regulation patchwork — 10 laws and milestones 10 state AI laws or milestones documented in the U.S.; 2026 developme… Electoral digital integrity 2026 — 13 elections profiled 13 elections profiled by digital integrity; 5 with transparent politi… Climate: the gap between pledge and action — 12 countries assessed 12 countries assessed by the Climate Action Tracker: 10 with insuffic… Content moderation: appeals and reversals — 19 documented decisions 19 appealed and reviewed moderation decisions, with their policy, ori… Public AI spending — global government contracts — 50 documented contracts 50 public AI contracts across 15 jurisdictions on 5 continents (45 wi… Campaign promises → fulfillment — 29 term evaluations 29 terms evaluated across 25 countries on five continents EU · Consolidated DSA enforcement decisions — €120M first DSA fine · X · 5 … 5 Member States referred to CJEU for insufficient DSC implementation LATAM · Digital spending in 2026 electoral camp… — $14.794M COP · highest declared … Only 8 of 13 campaigns had reported in Cuentas Claras by mid-May Ibero-America · documented public contracts wit… — 3 contracts verified with… DC registry kickoff · ongoing monthly manual sweep RSF · Press freedom in Latin America — 144 Peru's rank (the region… AR -11 · PE -14 · SV -8 · EC -31 · USA -7 AML/OFAC enforcement against banks and fintech — 418 penalties documented 418 AML/OFAC penalties documented across 177 countries and 379 regula… Corporate bankruptcy and insolvency (Chapter 11) — 4 major corporate bankrup… Corporate bankruptcies hit decade highs: over 717 in the year per S&P… High-impact litigation risk index — 4 high-impact litigations… The risk index (0-100) aggregates five objective factors —procedural … Merger control: multi-jurisdiction competition … — 9 decisions and jurisdict… Merger control diverges by jurisdiction in 2026: the Trump administra… PEPs and sanctions networks · Ibero-American graph — 40 PEP/company nodes with … Ibero-American PEP→company→sanction graph (core: Mapa del Poder, 424 … Sovereign debt distress and restructurings — 5 distress/restructuring … The IMF's 6th Global Sovereign Debt Roundtable report (April 15, 2026… Forced labor in supply chains: entity lists — 4 forced-labor exposure i… Upstream exposure intelligence densifies: the UFLPA Entity List reach… EU AI Act — designation of national authorities — 3/10/14 / 27 Member States Tracker's first event: 3 states with both authorities / 10 partial / … AI Act · Notified bodies for conformity assessment — 1 body with AI-specific a… Ecosystem 'not ready' as of Mar-2026 (standards unpublished, insuffic… Scandal → conviction gap — — milestones logged +1 mirror case: Uribe — 7 years to convict, 8 weeks to reverse, open-… Technology ↔ regulation gap — 26 regulatory milestones +1: Peru closes the generative-AI gap in ~3 years (DS 115-2025-PCM), … CNMC Spain · the Digital Services Coordinator g… — 6 documented milestones The gap becomes chronic: Congress struck down the CNMC's legal empowe… Corporate data breaches: from incident to response — 11 breaches documented +1: Canvas/Instructure, the largest known education breach (≈275M rec… Migration friction in corporate and event mobility — 3 incidents and policies … The 2026 World Cup works as a live stress test: 39 countries under fu… Power and corruption in the courts in Ibero-Ame… — 29 documented cases Jun-2026 review: Uribe updated — first-instance conviction overturned… Crypto · Licenses and authorizations by jurisdi… — 40+ CASPs with full MiCA au… July 1, 2026 cliff: the transitional regime expires (ESMA, Apr 17) wi… Data breaches · Class-action settlements — 5 settlements and mass ca… 271 million dollars across four settlements approved or with deadline… Digital regulatory risk index by country — 16 countries profiled Jun-2026 review: Brazil updated on two layers (EU adequacy Jan 26, 20… Digital services taxes (DST) by country — 3 tax-map milestones docu… About half of European OECD countries have a DST announced, proposed … Global election risk 2026: democracy and digita… — 32 elections profiled 32 electoral processes of 2026 profiled by political regime and digit… ESG · Greenwashing enforcement — 3 enforcement milestones … The legal floor arrives Sep 27, 2026 (ECGT across the 27; transpositi… EU · Digital & sustainability regulatory deadli… — 6 calendar milestones doc… Next critical deadlines: Jun 23, 2026 closes the high-risk classifica… Export controls · Entity List and advanced chips — 6 regime milestones docum… The 2026 shift: licensing for H200/MI325X and equivalents to China mo… GDPR · International transfers and adequacy dec… — 6 framework milestones do… The EU-US DPF remains in force after surviving its first judicial cha… LATAM · AI bills in legislative process — 150+ bills identified 150+ count re-verified; milestones: Peru only country with a regulate… LATAM · Judicial and regulatory sanctions on pl… — $5,2M USD · fine on X Corp. i… Paradigm shift: the STF declared Art. 19 of the Marco Civil partially… Digital political ad spending 2026 — 6 country-platform observ… AdImpact's revised projection (Jun 11): $11.6bn for the 2026 cycle — … Shadow fleet · Sanctioned vessels and enablers — 632 vessels designated by t… +46 vessels in the 20th package (Reg. 2026/506/509/511) to 632; Art. … Whistleblower awards · SEC, CFTC and equivalent… — 3 program milestones docu… The SEC awarded over $60M to 48 whistleblowers in fiscal year 2025 (2… AI Act · Sanctions regime and its actual enforc… — 0 documented AI Act fines… 0 AI Act penalties issued to date: enforcement of high-risk obligatio… Beneficial ownership transparency (UBO / CTA / … — 4 transparency milestones 4 beneficial-ownership transparency milestones documented; the EU req… Crypto industry: collapses, sanctions and convi… — 13 documented cases 13 cases of collapses, sanctions and convictions in the crypto sector… AI harms in court — litigation, rulings and set… — 103 documented cases 103 AI-related harm and rights lawsuits documented; 2026 milestones: … DMA · designated gatekeepers and real compliance — 9 documented DMA acts 9 DMA compliance actions documented against gatekeepers; 2026 develop… Documented electoral disinformation 2026 — 7 documented campaigns 7 electoral disinformation campaigns or patterns documented with open… GDPR · which national authority really sanctions — 11 authorities profiled 11 GDPR enforcement country profiles and milestones documented; 2026 … LATAM · Internet shutdowns and platform blocks — 8 documented events · 202… 8 internet shutdown and blocking episodes documented in Latin America… Operational resilience & cyber (DORA / NIS2 / SEC) — 4 regulatory milestones 4 operational-resilience milestones documented; 2026 is the first rea… Digital fines actually imposed — 61 sanctions recorded 61 high-value penalties across 18 jurisdictions and 6 continents; cov… Commercial spyware: documented cases worldwide — 23 documented cases 23 spyware and surveillance cases documented across the Ibero-America… Trade compliance & forced labor (UFLPA) — 4 actions documented 4 trade-compliance actions on forced labor documented; under UFLPA ar… US · the state AI regulation patchwork — 10 laws and milestones 10 state AI laws or milestones documented in the U.S.; 2026 developme… Electoral digital integrity 2026 — 13 elections profiled 13 elections profiled by digital integrity; 5 with transparent politi… Climate: the gap between pledge and action — 12 countries assessed 12 countries assessed by the Climate Action Tracker: 10 with insuffic… Content moderation: appeals and reversals — 19 documented decisions 19 appealed and reviewed moderation decisions, with their policy, ori… Public AI spending — global government contracts — 50 documented contracts 50 public AI contracts across 15 jurisdictions on 5 continents (45 wi… Campaign promises → fulfillment — 29 term evaluations 29 terms evaluated across 25 countries on five continents EU · Consolidated DSA enforcement decisions — €120M first DSA fine · X · 5 … 5 Member States referred to CJEU for insufficient DSC implementation LATAM · Digital spending in 2026 electoral camp… — $14.794M COP · highest declared … Only 8 of 13 campaigns had reported in Cuentas Claras by mid-May Ibero-America · documented public contracts wit… — 3 contracts verified with… DC registry kickoff · ongoing monthly manual sweep RSF · Press freedom in Latin America — 144 Peru's rank (the region… AR -11 · PE -14 · SV -8 · EC -31 · USA -7
/ trackers / latam-platform-sanctions
LATAM · Platforms · Sanctions and litigation

LATAM · Judicial and regulatory sanctions on platforms

Registry of judicial and regulatory sanctions imposed on digital platforms in Latin America: fines, court-ordered suspensions, asset freezes, and local legal representative requirements. Unlike the internet shutdowns tracker — which documents connectivity restrictions, often opaque — this registry collects formal, documented actions by the judiciary or regulators against identified platforms, with their legal basis, sanction amount, and resolution. The paradigmatic case is the suspension of X in Brazil by order of the Federal Supreme Court in 2024. Diálogo Ciudadano distinguishes between the procedural legitimacy of each action (court order with due process) and its effect on free expression, without taking sides: it documents the legal basis invoked and the criticism of each case.

Snapshot · June 12, 2026
$5,2M
USD · fine on X Corp. in Brazil (2024)
↑ Paradigm shift: the STF declared Art. 19 of the Marco Civil partially unconstitutional (Jun 26, 2025, 8-3) — civil liability for platforms without a court order in certain cases, a proactive monitoring duty and the 'systemic failure' concept; the regime governing since 2014 was rewritten judicially

Evolution

Data analysis

Statistical readings derived from the attributes of each recorded case. All figures come from the documented events; amounts are computed only over cases with a sum expressed in the indicated currency, without converting between currencies.

Type of action against platforms

Nature of each documented measure (judicial suspension, asset freeze, fine…). Record limited to Brazil.

Reading the data

Four sanctions on digital platforms in Latin America share one stage: Brazil, the Federal Supreme Court and Justice Alexandre de Moraes. The 2024 suspension of X affected 22 million users and marked the toughest standoff between a state and a platform in the region.

MM
Mariano Marçal · Correspondent — Brazil · São Paulo
June 7, 2026 · 3 min read

Latin America has produced the most resounding clash between a judiciary and a major platform, and this tracker documents it: the four recorded sanctions all occur in Brazil, all issued by the Federal Supreme Court and, specifically, by Justice Alexandre de Moraes. They range from the judicial suspension of X —which left some 22 million users without service in 2024— to the freezing of Starlink's assets and fines on Telegram.

The concentration in a single country and a single judge is itself the data point to watch. It does not mean the rest of the region does not regulate platforms, but that Brazil has been, by far, the Latin American jurisdiction that has pushed the standoff furthest —using the Marco Civil da Internet and the local-representative requirement as levers. The tracker will follow whether that model is exported to other countries or remains a Brazilian exception.

Methodology note

Each sanction records the platform, the type of action, the legal basis, the authority and the users affected where available. Assessments are attributed to the cited court rulings, never to this outlet.

Documented events (5)

June 26, 2025 BR confirmed

Brazil · The STF rewrites platform liability: Marco Civil Art. 19 partially unconstitutional

On June 26, 2025, by 8 votes to 3, the Supreme Federal Tribunal declared Article 19 of Law 12.965/2014 (Marco Civil da Internet) partially unconstitutional: requiring a specific court order to hold platforms liable is insufficient to protect fundamental rights. The new regime, with immediate effect: civil liability without a court order in certain cases —with presumed knowledge where content spreads via artificial networks (bots, algorithms) or paid advertising—, a duty to automatically remove replicas of content already taken down by court decision upon any notification, and the 'systemic failure' concept for structural moderation failures. Court orders are preserved for honor crimes (insult, slander, defamation) to safeguard free expression. The ruling followed the 2024 X/Moraes saga (40-day blackout), and critics —including Brazilian scholars— warn of preventive over-removal of legitimate content and of the court occupying Congress's terrain; both readings coexist in the debate. It is Latin America's most consequential platform-liability precedent, and the mold other courts in the region already cite.

Max Planck SIPLA — STF redefine la responsabilidad civil de plataformas ↗ Infobae — El Supremo de Brasil endureció las regulaciones para redes sociales ↗
August 30, 2024 BR confirmed

Brazil suspends X by order of the Federal Supreme Court

On 30 August 2024, Justice Alexandre de Moraes of Brazil's Federal Supreme Court ordered internet providers to block access to X (formerly Twitter) nationwide. The order originated in X's failure to block accounts associated with the January 2023 Brazilian Congress attack and, above all, in the platform's refusal to appoint a legal representative in Brazil — a requirement Brazilian law imposes on foreign companies. X had over 22 million users in Brazil. De Moraes set a daily fine of up to 50,000 reais (about USD 8,900) for users accessing via VPN. The block lasted from 30 August to 8 October 2024 — one month, one week, and one day.

Columbia Global Freedom of Expression · The Case of the X Ban in Brazil ↗ Wikipedia · Blocking of X in Brazil ↗
August 24, 2024 BR confirmed

Brazil freezes Starlink assets to collect X's fines

On 24 August 2024, the Federal Supreme Court extended the freeze of X group bank accounts and assets to Starlink, another company controlled by Elon Musk, considering that X had insufficient assets to cover the fines. The decision was legally controversial: although Musk controls both companies, X and SpaceX (which operates Starlink) are separate entities. Starlink appealed arguing its internet business was not part of the case against X, but the appeal was denied. In September, de Moraes transferred over 7.2 million reais from an X account and Starlink funds, collecting around USD 3.3 million equivalent to the owed fines. The accounts were later unfrozen.

Euronews · Brazil judge withdraws €3 million from X and Starlink accounts ↗ Al Jazeera · Brazil judge blocks Starlink accounts ↗
March 18, 2022 BR confirmed

Brazil threatens to suspend Telegram; the platform complies and appoints a representative

In 2022, Justice Alexandre de Moraes threatened Telegram with a nationwide suspension, arguing the app had repeatedly ignored Brazilian authorities' requests to block profiles and provide information. He ordered Telegram to appoint a local representative; the company ultimately complied and stayed online. The case is the direct precedent for the logic later applied to X: the local legal representative requirement as a condition of operation, and suspension as a sanction for non-compliance.

NPR · Brazil starts blocking social media platform X amid a dispute with Elon Musk ↗
October 8, 2024 BR confirmed

X complies, pays USD 5.2M in fines and is reinstated in Brazil

On 8 October 2024, after 39 days of suspension, X was reinstated in Brazil after complying with the Federal Supreme Court's orders: blocking the flagged profiles, paying the imposed fines — totaling about USD 5.2 million — and appointing a legal representative in the country. The case set a regional precedent on a court's ability to suspend a global platform for breaching local law, and fueled an intense debate over free expression and the limits of social media, inside and outside Brazil. X had closed its offices in Brazil before the block and called Moraes's orders 'manifestly illegal.'

Wikipedia · Blocking of X in Brazil ↗ Columbia Global Freedom of Expression · The Case of the X Ban in Brazil ↗

Methodology

Type
event-log
Construction
DC editorial construction
Cadence
event-driven

Sources consulted

  1. Columbia Global Freedom of Expression · The Case of the X Ban in Brazil ↗ academic

    Legal analysis of the X case in Brazil by the Columbia University center. Detailed timeline of the court orders and their legal basis.

  2. Freedom House · Freedom on the Net ↗ civil-society

    Context on the impact of platform sanctions on internet freedom by country.

  3. Access Now ↗ civil-society

    Documentation of platform blocks and sanctions from a digital-rights perspective.